Antibiogram Study and Resistance Mechanism of Salmonella typhi Isolated from Clinical Samples at District D.I. Khan

Abstract

The global issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) is a pervasive concern. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria salmonella typhi (s. typhi) in blood samples from individuals who were diagnosed with typhoid fever. This study analyses 150 blood samples from patients who have presented with typhoid fever. Located in D.I Khan, the DHQ hospital is a medical facility. Questionnaires were employed to gather demographic data and ascertain antibiotic usage. The process of isolating bacteria and conducting antibiotic susceptibility tests was carried out using established microbiological methods. Multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms were chosen based on their resistance to three or more types of antibiotics. A total of 25 samples, accounting for 16.5% (n = 25), were isolated and identified as Salmonella Typhi. The prevalence between 20% and 60% was seen in the paediatric age range (1-5 years). Females had a higher prevalence (60%) of Salmonella typhi compared to males. Amoxicillin was mostly used to treat fever in patients. A significant resistance to amoxicillin (16.6%) and tetracycline (14.6%) was discovered in E. coli. Among Salmonella Typhi, both amoxicillin and ampicillin showed a resistance rate of 14.6% and 8% respectively, while cefotaxime had a resistance rate of 22% and imipenem had a resistance rate of 13%. The prevalence of the examined bacteria is high among the indiviauls aged 1-5 years and some of them exhibit multidrug-resistant (MDR) traits. This situation requires immediate attention from public health authorities. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct extensive investigations to determine the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria for the purpose of public health surveillance.

Keywords: Antibiogram, Blood culture, Multidrug-Resistant (MDR), Salmonella Typhi