Risk Factors of Relapse in Patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan

Abstract

Bipolar affective disorder characterized by the symptoms of recurring episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression. It is a chronic psychological disorder impairs quality of life of both individuals and families. The research was based on cross-sectional observational research design to investigates different risk factors of relapse among BPAD patients in three tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Sample of 150 patients aged ranges from 18-65 years was assessed using structured interviews, medical records, and validated scales including Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results identified low medication adherence, high perceived stress and low social support are the critical factors and contributors of relapse. The research also identified some comorbid conditions like anxiety, depressive symptoms, and substance use (e.g., smoking, marijuana) further aggravate the risks of relapse. This research highlights the multifaceted nature of BPAD relapse, offering valuable insights for mental health professionals in resource-constrained settings.

Key Words: Bipolar affective disorder, Relapse, Perceived Stress, Perceived Social Support